after that, the qing dynasty carried out the westernizationmovement and the reform movement of 1898 to explore the socialchanges of national independence and prosperity, but allfailed.
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in 1911, xinhai revolution broke out. on february 12, 1912, yuanshikai forced puyi, the emperor of xuantong, to issue an imperialedict to abdicate, and the qing dynasty was destroyed since then.china broke away from the monarchy and entered the period ofdemocratic republic.
in 1840, after lin zexu sold cigarettes in humen, the britishgovernment sent warships to attack guangzhou in the name ofprotecting overseas chinese. historians generally took thisincident as the starting point of modern chinese history.
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